Diagnostic examination of the child with urolithiasis or nephrocalcinosis

Which of the following statements are true? Urolithiasis in children is:

More frequent than in adults
Has the same frequency as in adults
Is less frequent than in adults (approximately 10% the rate of adults) but is often under-diagnosed
More frequent in boys than in girls
All of the above are true

a. 1
b. 2
c. 3
d. 4
e. 5
f. 3, 4
g. 1, 4

A metabolic cause of urolithiasis:

a. Is more likely in children than in adults, since family history is often positive
b. Is unlikely, since the most frequent etiology is UTI
c. Can easily be ruled out by family history
d. Has the same frequency as in adults
e. Does not require consideration, since urolithiasis in children is so rare

Which of the following is not true? Symptoms of urinary tract stones may include:

a. Gross hematuria
b. Pain
c. Vomiting
d. Fever
e. Solated proteinuria

Risk factors for urolithiasis in children include:

a. Dehydration
b. Gastro-intestinal disorders (e.g. Crohn's disease)
c. Urinary tract infections
d. Diet
e. All of the above are true

Primary hyperoxaluria type 1 is:

a. A serious disorder that can cause urolithiasis but also end-stage renal disease
b. The most frequent cause of urolithiasis in children
c. Always associated with hypercalciuria
d. Only likely if family history is positive
e. A benign condition that does not require treatment

Imaging studies in urolithiasis:

a. Are not important, since clinical details indicate localization
b. Should be thorough, since stones may be small and are difficult to detect
c. Should always include intravenous pyelography d. should only include abdominal CT, since conventional radiology is mostly insufficient
d. All of the above are true

Which of the following are true? The investigation of metabolic causes in children should include:

Hypercalciuria
Hypocitraturia
Hypertriglyceridemia
Phenylketonuria
Cystinuria

a. 1, 3, 5
b. 2, 3, 4
c. 3, 4
d. 1, 2, 5
e. 1, 3, 5
f. 2, 3, 5

Which of the following are true? The investigation of metabolic causes in children should include:

Hypercalciuria
Hypocitraturia
Hypertriglyceridemia
Phenylketonuria
Cystinuria

a. 1, 3, 5
b. 2, 3, 4
c. 3, 4
d. 1, 2, 5
e. 1, 3, 5
f. 2, 3, 5

M	T	W	T	F	S	S
					1	2
3	4	5	6	7	8	9
10	11	12	13	14	15	16
17	18	19	20	21	22	23
24	25	26	27	28	29	30
31	EC

Diagnostic examination of the child with urolithiasis or nephrocalcinosis

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