History, epidemiology and regional diversities of urolithiasis

History - Historical evidence of urinary calculi has been found from as long ago as:

a. 500 years BC
b. 1,500 years BC
c. 5,000 years BC
d. 8,000 years BC

The procedure of lithotomy was first mentioned:

a. 3,000 years BC
b. 2,000 years BC
c. 1,000 years BC
d. 300 years BC

The first report on stone removal via the urethra came from:

a. Egypt
b. India
c. Arabia
d. Europe

The reasons for the prohibition by the Hippocratic Oath of lithotripsy procedure in the second and third centuries BC were the risks of complications such as:

a. High fevers
b. Urinary fistulas
c. Impotence
d. Death
e. All of the above

The increase in prevalence of kidney stone disease during the sixteenth to eighteenth centuries, specially in Europe, was due to:

a. Changes in dietary habits
b. Increase in calorie intake
c. Increased intake of alcoholic beverages
d. All of the above

Epidemiology - The higher incidence of urolithiasis in countries of the so-called North African-Asian stone belt is possibly determined by:

a. Warm climate
b. Low protein intake
c. High consanguinity
d. High intake of cereals

The location of urinary calculi in economically developed countries is most frequent in the:

a. Upper urinary tract
b. Bladder
c. Urethra
d. Could be in either one

The trend defined as "stone wave" has been explained in terms of:

a. Changing social conditions
b. Increase in protein intake
c. Increase in "rich" food intake
d. All of the above

In the United States of America an identifiable predisposition to stone formation may be demonstrated in:

a. Fewer than 10% of patients with nephrolithiasis
b. 20-50% of patients with nephrolithiasis
c. 75% patients with nephrolithiasis
d. 80-90% patients with nephrolithiasis

Dietary factors that are related to high incidence of nephrolithiasis are:

a. High protein intake
b. High sodium intake
c. Low potassium intake
d. All of the above

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History, epidemiology and regional diversities of urolithiasis

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