One of the following is not a risk factor for ESA resistance:

a. Primary hyperparathyroidism
b. Occult GI bleeding
c. Folate deficiency
d. Parvovirus B19
e. Chlorinated dialysis water

Microcytic anemia occurs in all of the following except:

a. Lead toxicity
b. Iron deficiency
c. Ascorbic acid deficiency
d. Copper deficiency
e. Diphyllobothrium worm infestation

Which of the following statements concerning the association of fatality and use of ESA is correct?

a. Larger doses of ESA required to increase hemoglobin within the KDOQI target
b. Larger doses of ESA required to increase hemoglobin in excess of 40%
c. No change in ESA requirement, but unable to attain the K/DOQI target
d. Lower doses of ESA while there is an increase in Hb above the K/DOQI target
e. Attain K/DOQI target hemoglobin with intravenous iron only

The mechanism of ESA resistance in CKD includes all the following except:

a. Impaired EPO synthesis
b. Erythroid cell deficiency
c. Oxidative stress
d. Inflammatory cytokine
e. Circulating antibodies

All are reasons for larger doses of ESA requirement in children except:

a. Lower bone marrow response to EPO
b. Greater incidence of infection
c. Greater inflammatory status
d. Greater ESA prescription by physicians
e. Use of HD catheters

All are effective interventions in the modulation of oxidative stress except:

a. Vitamin C
b. Discontinuation of the hemodialysis catheter
c. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition
d. Folate therapy
e. Transplant nephrectomy

Mechanism of anemia due to mycophenolate mofetil (MMF):

1.	Inhibition of type II inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase
2.	Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) for uridine glucuronosyl-transferase 1A9
3.	Suppression of catalase enzyme
4.	Mitochondrial injury

a. 1, 2, 3
b. 1, 2
c. 3 only
d. 2 only
e. 2, 4

M	T	W	T	F	S	S
						1
2	3	4	5	6	7	8
9	10	11	12	13	14	15
16	17	18	19	20	21	22
23	24	25	26	27	28	29
30	EC

Resistance to erythropoietin-stimulating agents: etiology, evaluation, and therapeutic considerations

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