Epidemiology of chronic kidney disease in children

Which of the following statements regarding CKD is false?

a. The KDOQI guidelines define CKD as a GFR < 50 ml/min/1.73 m2
b. GFR increases from birth and reaches adult values by 2 years of age
c. CAKUT is the major cause of CKD worldwide, although the proportion of glomerulonephritis in developing countries is higher due to infectious causes
d. There are few population-based studies in the early stages of CKD as it is often asymptomatic

Which of the following statements regarding screening in children is true?

a. Screening is currently recommended in children in the USA by the American Academy of Pediatrics
b. Screening has been proven to reduce the development of ESRD
c. Screening mainly employs dipsticks in children, as opposed to calculating GFR in adults
d. Urine dipstick testing is a cost-effective strategy for detecting CKD

Which of the following statements regarding ESRD is false?

a. Prevalence of ESRD is increasing owing to better overall survival and increased uptake of younger children and infants into RRT programs
b. The prevalence of RRT in 2008 in Australia, Canada, and western Europe (except Finland) is around 65 pmarp
c. Access to ESRD programs is highly dependent on socio-economic factors and as such, is limited in poorly developed countries
d. Incidence of ESRD varies depending on age and ethnic group
e. The majority of children are transplanted pre-emptively

Which of the following regarding mortality and morbidity is false?

a. The mortality rate has remained relatively unchanged in the last 15 years and is about 30 times higher than in healthy peers
b. Children on dialysis have a higher mortality rate compared with transplanted patients
c. Rejection is the main cause of admission in transplanted children
d. 20–40% of deaths in RRT are cardiovascular-related

Which of the following statements regarding CKD progression is not true?

a. Hypertension is a major risk factor for CKD progression
b. Hyperphosphatemia is an independent risk factor for CKD progression, as has been shown in prospective studies
c. There is evidence that the progression of CKD can be slowed by pharmacological intervention
d. The rate of CKD progression is inversely proportional to baseline GFR
e. Children with congenital disorders experience a slower progression of CKD than those with glomerulonephritis

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Epidemiology of chronic kidney disease in children

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