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	<title>IPNA Online</title>
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	<link>http://www.ipna-online.org</link>
	<description>International Pediatric Nephrology Association</description>
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		<title>Home haemodialysis</title>
		<link>http://www.ipna-online.org/2013/05/home-haemodialysis/</link>
		<comments>http://www.ipna-online.org/2013/05/home-haemodialysis/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Thu, 23 May 2013 16:29:54 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>linda</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Uncategorized]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Dialysis]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.ipna-online.org/?p=2292</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[





One of the following is an absolute contraindication for home HD:a. A child weighing 19 kgb. A child with co-existing congenital heart diseasec. A child whose home does not have a constant and reliable supply of electricityd. A child whose parents are separated and is looked after in two homese. A parent with a history [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>
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<div class='question' id='question-1'><div class='question-content'>One of the following is an absolute contraindication for home HD:</div><br /><input type='hidden' name='question_id[]' value='987' /><input type='radio' name='answer-987' id='answer-id-6855' class='answer' value='6855' /><label for='answer-id-6855'>a. A child weighing 19 kg</label><br /><input type='radio' name='answer-987' id='answer-id-6856' class='answer' value='6856' /><label for='answer-id-6856'>b. A child with co-existing congenital heart disease</label><br /><input type='radio' name='answer-987' id='answer-id-6857' class='answer' value='6857' /><label for='answer-id-6857'>c. A child whose home does not have a constant and reliable supply of electricity</label><br /><input type='radio' name='answer-987' id='answer-id-6858' class='answer' value='6858' /><label for='answer-id-6858'>d. A child whose parents are separated and is looked after in two homes</label><br /><input type='radio' name='answer-987' id='answer-id-6859' class='answer' value='6859' /><label for='answer-id-6859'>e. A parent with a history of depression</label><br /></div><div class='question' id='question-2'><div class='question-content'>Compared with conventional in-centre HD, home HD has several published benefits. Which of the following statements are incorrect in children:</div><br /><input type='hidden' name='question_id[]' value='988' /><input type='radio' name='answer-988' id='answer-id-6860' class='answer' value='6860' /><label for='answer-id-6860'>a. Home HD improves blood pressure and reduces the anti-hypertension medication burden;</label><br /><input type='radio' name='answer-988' id='answer-id-6861' class='answer' value='6861' /><label for='answer-id-6861'>b. Children have an improved appetite</label><br /><input type='radio' name='answer-988' id='answer-id-6862' class='answer' value='6862' /><label for='answer-id-6862'>c. Children experience catch-up growth</label><br /><input type='radio' name='answer-988' id='answer-id-6863' class='answer' value='6863' /><label for='answer-id-6863'>d. Children’s fluid and dietary restrictions cannot be lifted</label><br /><input type='radio' name='answer-988' id='answer-id-6864' class='answer' value='6864' /><label for='answer-id-6864'>e. Children cannot become hypophosphataemic</label><br /><input type='radio' name='answer-988' id='answer-id-6865' class='answer' value='6865' /><label for='answer-id-6865'>f. Both D and E</label><br /></div><div class='question' id='question-3'><div class='question-content'>Which one of the following statements relating to home HD prescriptions is incorrect</div><br /><input type='hidden' name='question_id[]' value='989' /><input type='radio' name='answer-989' id='answer-id-6866' class='answer' value='6866' /><label for='answer-id-6866'>a. Frequent accessing of central lines by children or their carers increases the risk of infection</label><br /><input type='radio' name='answer-989' id='answer-id-6867' class='answer' value='6867' /><label for='answer-id-6867'>b. Daily dialysis can become burdensome for families</label><br /><input type='radio' name='answer-989' id='answer-id-6868' class='answer' value='6868' /><label for='answer-id-6868'>c. Nocturnal HD offers the best chance of achieving good phosphate control without the need for phosphate binders</label><br /><input type='radio' name='answer-989' id='answer-id-6869' class='answer' value='6869' /><label for='answer-id-6869'>d. Shorter, more frequent HD prescriptions may best suit children prone to intra-dialytic hypotension</label><br /><input type='radio' name='answer-989' id='answer-id-6870' class='answer' value='6870' /><label for='answer-id-6870'>e. Flexibility around the timing of the treatment is possible providing children do not go longer than 48 h without dialysis</label><br /></div><div class='question' id='question-4'><div class='question-content'>The following are necessary when setting up a home HD program in children, except:</div><br /><input type='hidden' name='question_id[]' value='990' /><input type='radio' name='answer-990' id='answer-id-6871' class='answer' value='6871' /><label for='answer-id-6871'>a. Multidisciplinary team</label><br /><input type='radio' name='answer-990' id='answer-id-6872' class='answer' value='6872' /><label for='answer-id-6872'>b. Step-down training facility</label><br /><input type='radio' name='answer-990' id='answer-id-6873' class='answer' value='6873' /><label for='answer-id-6873'>c. Additional finances for the initial set-up costs</label><br /><input type='radio' name='answer-990' id='answer-id-6874' class='answer' value='6874' /><label for='answer-id-6874'>d. Out of hours support for families</label><br /><input type='radio' name='answer-990' id='answer-id-6875' class='answer' value='6875' /><label for='answer-id-6875'>e. Dialysate fluid quality that meets recognised national and/or international standards</label><br /></div><div class='question' id='question-5'><div class='question-content'>Which of the following statements relating to dialysis adequacy are correct?</div><br /><input type='hidden' name='question_id[]' value='991' /><input type='radio' name='answer-991' id='answer-id-6876' class='answer' value='6876' /><label for='answer-id-6876'>a. Equilibrated Kt/Vurea is the best marker of dialysis adequacy</label><br /><input type='radio' name='answer-991' id='answer-id-6877' class='answer' value='6877' /><label for='answer-id-6877'>b. Standardised Kt/V is simply the product of the number of weekly dialysis sessions multiplied by the single pool Kt/V of a single session</label><br /><input type='radio' name='answer-991' id='answer-id-6878' class='answer' value='6878' /><label for='answer-id-6878'>c. Theoretical urea kinetic models predict that a standardised Kt/V of 2.1 is equivalent to a single pool K/V of 1.2 delivered three times weekly</label><br /><input type='radio' name='answer-991' id='answer-id-6879' class='answer' value='6879' /><label for='answer-id-6879'>d. In children growth is an important measure of dialysis adequacy</label><br /><input type='radio' name='answer-991' id='answer-id-6880' class='answer' value='6880' /><label for='answer-id-6880'>e. The European Best Practice Guidelines for HD recommended an equilibrated Kt/Vurea of ≥ 1.4</label><br /><input type='radio' name='answer-991' id='answer-id-6881' class='answer' value='6881' /><label for='answer-id-6881'>f. Both C and D</label><br /></div><br />
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		</item>
		<item>
		<title>Endothelin antagonists in hypertension and kidney disease</title>
		<link>http://www.ipna-online.org/2013/05/endothelin-antagonists-in-hypertension-and-kidney-disease/</link>
		<comments>http://www.ipna-online.org/2013/05/endothelin-antagonists-in-hypertension-and-kidney-disease/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Thu, 23 May 2013 16:12:04 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>linda</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Uncategorized]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Chronic Kidney Disease]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.ipna-online.org/?p=2288</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[


ET-2 production is deceased by which ONE of the following?a. Insulinb. Brain natriuretic peptidec. Cortisold. Epinephrinee. Angiotensin IIChoose the ONE correct statement about the endothelin (ET) receptors ETA and ETB.a. ETA receptors are located only on vascular smooth muscle cells.b. ETB receptors are located only on vascular smooth muscle cells.c. ETA receptors are located only [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>
<div class="quiz-area single-page-quiz">
<form action="" method="post" class="quiz-form" id="quiz-166">
<div class='question' id='question-1'><div class='question-content'>ET-2 production is deceased by which ONE of the following?</div><br /><input type='hidden' name='question_id[]' value='982' /><input type='radio' name='answer-982' id='answer-id-6830' class='answer' value='6830' /><label for='answer-id-6830'>a. Insulin</label><br /><input type='radio' name='answer-982' id='answer-id-6831' class='answer' value='6831' /><label for='answer-id-6831'>b. Brain natriuretic peptide</label><br /><input type='radio' name='answer-982' id='answer-id-6832' class='answer' value='6832' /><label for='answer-id-6832'>c. Cortisol</label><br /><input type='radio' name='answer-982' id='answer-id-6833' class='answer' value='6833' /><label for='answer-id-6833'>d. Epinephrine</label><br /><input type='radio' name='answer-982' id='answer-id-6834' class='answer' value='6834' /><label for='answer-id-6834'>e. Angiotensin II</label><br /></div><div class='question' id='question-2'><div class='question-content'>Choose the ONE correct statement about the endothelin (ET) receptors ET<sub>A</sub> and ET<sub>B</sub>.</div><br /><input type='hidden' name='question_id[]' value='983' /><input type='radio' name='answer-983' id='answer-id-6835' class='answer' value='6835' /><label for='answer-id-6835'>a. ETA receptors are located only on vascular smooth muscle cells.</label><br /><input type='radio' name='answer-983' id='answer-id-6836' class='answer' value='6836' /><label for='answer-id-6836'>b. ETB receptors are located only on vascular smooth muscle cells.</label><br /><input type='radio' name='answer-983' id='answer-id-6837' class='answer' value='6837' /><label for='answer-id-6837'>c. ETA receptors are located only on endothelial cells.</label><br /><input type='radio' name='answer-983' id='answer-id-6838' class='answer' value='6838' /><label for='answer-id-6838'>d. ETB receptors are located only on endothelial cells.</label><br /><input type='radio' name='answer-983' id='answer-id-6839' class='answer' value='6839' /><label for='answer-id-6839'>e. ETA receptors are located on endothelial cells and vascular smooth muscle cells</label><br /></div><div class='question' id='question-3'><div class='question-content'>Most circulating ET-1 is cleared primarily by which ONE organ</div><br /><input type='hidden' name='question_id[]' value='984' /><input type='radio' name='answer-984' id='answer-id-6840' class='answer' value='6840' /><label for='answer-id-6840'>a. Heart</label><br /><input type='radio' name='answer-984' id='answer-id-6841' class='answer' value='6841' /><label for='answer-id-6841'>b. Kidneys</label><br /><input type='radio' name='answer-984' id='answer-id-6842' class='answer' value='6842' /><label for='answer-id-6842'>c. Liver</label><br /><input type='radio' name='answer-984' id='answer-id-6843' class='answer' value='6843' /><label for='answer-id-6843'>d. Lungs</label><br /><input type='radio' name='answer-984' id='answer-id-6844' class='answer' value='6844' /><label for='answer-id-6844'>e. Bone marrow</label><br /></div><div class='question' id='question-4'><div class='question-content'>Which ONE of the following is NOT decreased by ET<sub>A</sub> receptor blockade?</div><br /><input type='hidden' name='question_id[]' value='985' /><input type='radio' name='answer-985' id='answer-id-6845' class='answer' value='6845' /><label for='answer-id-6845'>a. Blood pressure</label><br /><input type='radio' name='answer-985' id='answer-id-6846' class='answer' value='6846' /><label for='answer-id-6846'>b. Salt and water loss</label><br /><input type='radio' name='answer-985' id='answer-id-6847' class='answer' value='6847' /><label for='answer-id-6847'>c. Proteinuria</label><br /><input type='radio' name='answer-985' id='answer-id-6848' class='answer' value='6848' /><label for='answer-id-6848'>d. Inflammation</label><br /><input type='radio' name='answer-985' id='answer-id-6849' class='answer' value='6849' /><label for='answer-id-6849'>e. Heart rate</label><br /></div><div class='question' id='question-5'><div class='question-content'>Which ONE of the following is NOT a known side-effect of ET<sub>A</sub> receptor blockers?</div><br /><input type='hidden' name='question_id[]' value='986' /><input type='radio' name='answer-986' id='answer-id-6850' class='answer' value='6850' /><label for='answer-id-6850'>a. Hepatotoxicity</label><br /><input type='radio' name='answer-986' id='answer-id-6851' class='answer' value='6851' /><label for='answer-id-6851'>b. Nephrotoxicity</label><br /><input type='radio' name='answer-986' id='answer-id-6852' class='answer' value='6852' /><label for='answer-id-6852'>c. Edema formation</label><br /><input type='radio' name='answer-986' id='answer-id-6853' class='answer' value='6853' /><label for='answer-id-6853'>d. Teratogenicity</label><br /><input type='radio' name='answer-986' id='answer-id-6854' class='answer' value='6854' /><label for='answer-id-6854'>e. Reduced sperm count</label><br /></div><br />
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		</item>
		<item>
		<title>5th Congress of the European Academy of Paediatric Societies (EAPS 2014)</title>
		<link>http://www.ipna-online.org/2013/03/5th-congress-of-the-european-academy-of-paediatric-societies-eaps-2014/</link>
		<comments>http://www.ipna-online.org/2013/03/5th-congress-of-the-european-academy-of-paediatric-societies-eaps-2014/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Mon, 25 Mar 2013 17:38:09 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>fvuong</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Announcements]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Congresses]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.ipna-online.org/?p=2212</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[[ October 17, 2014 12:00 pm to October 21, 2014 12:00 pm. ] Location: Barcelona, Spain

Serving as a nexus for the wealth of knowledge provided by three leading paediatric societies, the 5th Congress of the European Academy of Paediatric Societies (EAPS 2014) promises to build on the reputation of previous highly successful meetings. Paediatric professionals from around the world will gain unparalleled access to the best scientific research [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<table class="ec3_schedule"><tr><td class="ec3_start">October 17, 2014 12:00 pm</td><td class="ec3_to">to</td><td class="ec3_end">October 21, 2014 12:00 pm</td></tr></table><p><strong>Location:</strong> Barcelona, Spain</p>
<p>Serving as a nexus for the wealth of knowledge provided by three leading paediatric societies, the 5th Congress of the European Academy of Paediatric Societies (EAPS 2014) promises to build on the reputation of previous highly successful <a href="http://www2.kenes.com/paediatrics/pages/home.aspx" target="_blank">meetings</a>. Paediatric professionals from around the world will gain unparalleled access to the best scientific research programmes.  Firmly established yet dedicated to thinking outside the box, EAPS 2014 aims to engage the world’s best in a hearty exchange of experiences and expertise in research and clinical care. Europe&#8217;s foremost pediatrics subspecialty societies <a href="http://www.eapaediatrics.eu/" target="_blank">EAP</a>, <a href="http://www.espnic-online.org/Pages/Home.aspx" target="_blank">ESPNIC</a> and <a href="http://www.espr.info/" target="_blank">ESPR</a> have dedicated their time and formidable talents into organizing an stellar educational/research forum that will celebrate outstanding science in all areas of pediatrics.</p>
<p><strong>For more information: <a href="http://www.kenes.com/paediatrics/" target="_blank">http://www.kenes.com/paediatrics/</a></strong></p>
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		</item>
		<item>
		<title>Treatment of steroid-sensitive nephrotic syndrome: new guidelines from KDIGO</title>
		<link>http://www.ipna-online.org/2013/03/treatment-of-steroid-sensitive-nephrotic-syndrome-new-guidelines-from-kdigo/</link>
		<comments>http://www.ipna-online.org/2013/03/treatment-of-steroid-sensitive-nephrotic-syndrome-new-guidelines-from-kdigo/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Thu, 14 Mar 2013 17:00:41 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>linda</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Uncategorized]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Nephrotic Syndrome]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.ipna-online.org/?p=2208</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[ 


Based on the GRADE system used by KDIGO workgroups, results from observational studies would usually be classified as having which level of evidence?a. Level Ab. Level Bc. Level Cd. Level De. Level C or DWhat is the minimum recommended duration of corticosteroid therapy for the initial episode of steroid-sensitive nephrotic syndrome?a. 4 weeksb. 8 weeksc. [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p> 
<div class="quiz-area single-page-quiz">
<form action="" method="post" class="quiz-form" id="quiz-165">
<div class='question' id='question-1'><div class='question-content'>Based on the GRADE system used by KDIGO workgroups, results from observational studies would usually be classified as having which level of evidence?</div><br /><input type='hidden' name='question_id[]' value='977' /><input type='radio' name='answer-977' id='answer-id-6786' class='answer' value='6786' /><label for='answer-id-6786'>a. Level A</label><br /><input type='radio' name='answer-977' id='answer-id-6787' class='answer' value='6787' /><label for='answer-id-6787'>b. Level B</label><br /><input type='radio' name='answer-977' id='answer-id-6788' class='answer' value='6788' /><label for='answer-id-6788'>c. Level C</label><br /><input type='radio' name='answer-977' id='answer-id-6789' class='answer' value='6789' /><label for='answer-id-6789'>d. Level D</label><br /><input type='radio' name='answer-977' id='answer-id-6790' class='answer' value='6790' /><label for='answer-id-6790'>e. Level C or D</label><br /></div><div class='question' id='question-2'><div class='question-content'>What is the minimum recommended duration of corticosteroid therapy for the initial episode of steroid-sensitive nephrotic syndrome?</div><br /><input type='hidden' name='question_id[]' value='978' /><input type='radio' name='answer-978' id='answer-id-6791' class='answer' value='6791' /><label for='answer-id-6791'>a. 4 weeks</label><br /><input type='radio' name='answer-978' id='answer-id-6792' class='answer' value='6792' /><label for='answer-id-6792'>b. 8 weeks</label><br /><input type='radio' name='answer-978' id='answer-id-6793' class='answer' value='6793' /><label for='answer-id-6793'>c. 12 weeks</label><br /><input type='radio' name='answer-978' id='answer-id-6794' class='answer' value='6794' /><label for='answer-id-6794'>d. 18 weeks</label><br /><input type='radio' name='answer-978' id='answer-id-6795' class='answer' value='6795' /><label for='answer-id-6795'>e. 24 weeks</label><br /></div><div class='question' id='question-3'><div class='question-content'>When counseling families on the expected course of steroid-sensitive nephrotic syndrome, what is the chance of a child having one or more relapses?</div><br /><input type='hidden' name='question_id[]' value='979' /><input type='radio' name='answer-979' id='answer-id-6796' class='answer' value='6796' /><label for='answer-id-6796'>a. <5 %</label><br /><input type='radio' name='answer-979' id='answer-id-6797' class='answer' value='6797' /><label for='answer-id-6797'>b. 15–20 %</label><br /><input type='radio' name='answer-979' id='answer-id-6798' class='answer' value='6798' /><label for='answer-id-6798'>c. 30–40 %</label><br /><input type='radio' name='answer-979' id='answer-id-6799' class='answer' value='6799' /><label for='answer-id-6799'>d. 60–70 %</label><br /><input type='radio' name='answer-979' id='answer-id-6800' class='answer' value='6800' /><label for='answer-id-6800'>e. 80–90 %</label><br /></div><div class='question' id='question-4'><div class='question-content'>A patient who had achieved remission following the initial corticosteroid therapy but had two relapses in a 12-month period would be classified as having:</div><br /><input type='hidden' name='question_id[]' value='980' /><input type='radio' name='answer-980' id='answer-id-6801' class='answer' value='6801' /><label for='answer-id-6801'>a. Infrequent relapsing steroid-sensitive nephrotic syndrome</label><br /><input type='radio' name='answer-980' id='answer-id-6802' class='answer' value='6802' /><label for='answer-id-6802'>b. Frequently relapsing steroid-sensitive nephrotic syndrome</label><br /><input type='radio' name='answer-980' id='answer-id-6803' class='answer' value='6803' /><label for='answer-id-6803'>c. Steroid-dependent nephrotic syndrome</label><br /><input type='radio' name='answer-980' id='answer-id-6804' class='answer' value='6804' /><label for='answer-id-6804'>d. Steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome</label><br /></div><div class='question' id='question-5'><div class='question-content'>Based on available data from randomized controlled trials, which medication should be considered as the first steroid-sparing agent in frequently relapsing or steroid-dependent steroid-sensitive nephrotic syndrome?</div><br /><input type='hidden' name='question_id[]' value='981' /><input type='radio' name='answer-981' id='answer-id-6805' class='answer' value='6805' /><label for='answer-id-6805'>a. Alkylating agents (cyclophosphamide, chlorambucil)</label><br /><input type='radio' name='answer-981' id='answer-id-6806' class='answer' value='6806' /><label for='answer-id-6806'>b. Levamisole</label><br /><input type='radio' name='answer-981' id='answer-id-6807' class='answer' value='6807' /><label for='answer-id-6807'>c. Calcineurin inhibitors (cyclosporine, tacrolimus)</label><br /><input type='radio' name='answer-981' id='answer-id-6808' class='answer' value='6808' /><label for='answer-id-6808'>d. Mycophenolate mofetil</label><br /><input type='radio' name='answer-981' id='answer-id-6809' class='answer' value='6809' /><label for='answer-id-6809'>e. Any of the above</label><br /></div><br />
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		</item>
		<item>
		<title>Treatment of steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome in children: new guidelines from KDIGO</title>
		<link>http://www.ipna-online.org/2013/03/treatment-of-steroid-resistant-nephrotic-syndrome-in-children-new-guidelines-from-kdigo/</link>
		<comments>http://www.ipna-online.org/2013/03/treatment-of-steroid-resistant-nephrotic-syndrome-in-children-new-guidelines-from-kdigo/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Thu, 14 Mar 2013 16:48:08 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>linda</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Uncategorized]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Nephrotic Syndrome]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.ipna-online.org/?p=2203</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[ 


For patients with steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome, what agents may be considered for therapy?a. Cyclosporine
b. Tacrolimus
c. Mycophenolate mofetil
d. High-dose corticosteroids
e.  All of the above
The risk of end-stage renal disease within 5 years of diagnosis for patients with steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome who do not achieve a partial or complete remission is:a. ]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p> 
<div class="quiz-area single-page-quiz">
<form action="" method="post" class="quiz-form" id="quiz-164">
<div class='question' id='question-1'><div class='question-content'>For patients with steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome, what agents may be considered for therapy?</div><br /><input type='hidden' name='question_id[]' value='972' /><input type='radio' name='answer-972' id='answer-id-6761' class='answer' value='6761' /><label for='answer-id-6761'>a. Cyclosporine
</label><br /><input type='radio' name='answer-972' id='answer-id-6762' class='answer' value='6762' /><label for='answer-id-6762'>b. Tacrolimus
</label><br /><input type='radio' name='answer-972' id='answer-id-6763' class='answer' value='6763' /><label for='answer-id-6763'>c. Mycophenolate mofetil
</label><br /><input type='radio' name='answer-972' id='answer-id-6764' class='answer' value='6764' /><label for='answer-id-6764'>d. High-dose corticosteroids
</label><br /><input type='radio' name='answer-972' id='answer-id-6765' class='answer' value='6765' /><label for='answer-id-6765'>e.  All of the above
</label><br /></div><div class='question' id='question-2'><div class='question-content'>The risk of end-stage renal disease within 5 years of diagnosis for patients with steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome who do not achieve a partial or complete remission is:</div><br /><input type='hidden' name='question_id[]' value='973' /><input type='radio' name='answer-973' id='answer-id-6766' class='answer' value='6766' /><label for='answer-id-6766'>a. <5%
</label><br /><input type='radio' name='answer-973' id='answer-id-6767' class='answer' value='6767' /><label for='answer-id-6767'>b. 10%
</label><br /><input type='radio' name='answer-973' id='answer-id-6768' class='answer' value='6768' /><label for='answer-id-6768'>c. 25%</label><br /><input type='radio' name='answer-973' id='answer-id-6769' class='answer' value='6769' /><label for='answer-id-6769'>d. 50%</label><br /><input type='radio' name='answer-973' id='answer-id-6770' class='answer' value='6770' /><label for='answer-id-6770'>e. 75%</label><br /></div><div class='question' id='question-3'><div class='question-content'>Which steroid-sparing agent has been shown to induce at least partial remission in some patients with steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome with podocin mutations?</div><br /><input type='hidden' name='question_id[]' value='974' /><input type='radio' name='answer-974' id='answer-id-6771' class='answer' value='6771' /><label for='answer-id-6771'>a. Cyclosporine
</label><br /><input type='radio' name='answer-974' id='answer-id-6772' class='answer' value='6772' /><label for='answer-id-6772'>b. Cyclophosphamide
</label><br /><input type='radio' name='answer-974' id='answer-id-6773' class='answer' value='6773' /><label for='answer-id-6773'>c. Mycophenolate mofetil
</label><br /><input type='radio' name='answer-974' id='answer-id-6774' class='answer' value='6774' /><label for='answer-id-6774'>d.  Levamisole
</label><br /><input type='radio' name='answer-974' id='answer-id-6775' class='answer' value='6775' /><label for='answer-id-6775'>e.  Rituximab
</label><br /></div><div class='question' id='question-4'><div class='question-content'>Cosmetic changes including gingival hyperplasia and hypertrichosis are side effects of which steroid-sparing agent?</div><br /><input type='hidden' name='question_id[]' value='975' /><input type='radio' name='answer-975' id='answer-id-6776' class='answer' value='6776' /><label for='answer-id-6776'>a. Cyclophosphamide
</label><br /><input type='radio' name='answer-975' id='answer-id-6777' class='answer' value='6777' /><label for='answer-id-6777'>b.  Chlorambucil
</label><br /><input type='radio' name='answer-975' id='answer-id-6778' class='answer' value='6778' /><label for='answer-id-6778'>c. Cyclosporine
</label><br /><input type='radio' name='answer-975' id='answer-id-6779' class='answer' value='6779' /><label for='answer-id-6779'>d. Tacrolimus
</label><br /><input type='radio' name='answer-975' id='answer-id-6780' class='answer' value='6780' /><label for='answer-id-6780'>e. Mycophenolate mofetil
</label><br /></div><div class='question' id='question-5'><div class='question-content'>To be considered an adequate tissue sample, what is the minimum number of glomeruli a biopsy sample should have to detect or exclude glomerular lesions that may be focal or segmental?</div><br /><input type='hidden' name='question_id[]' value='976' /><input type='radio' name='answer-976' id='answer-id-6781' class='answer' value='6781' /><label for='answer-id-6781'>a. 5</label><br /><input type='radio' name='answer-976' id='answer-id-6782' class='answer' value='6782' /><label for='answer-id-6782'>b. 10</label><br /><input type='radio' name='answer-976' id='answer-id-6783' class='answer' value='6783' /><label for='answer-id-6783'>c. 20</label><br /><input type='radio' name='answer-976' id='answer-id-6784' class='answer' value='6784' /><label for='answer-id-6784'>d. 30</label><br /><input type='radio' name='answer-976' id='answer-id-6785' class='answer' value='6785' /><label for='answer-id-6785'>e. 50</label><br /></div><br />
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		<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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		<item>
		<title>Current management of antenatal hydronephrosis</title>
		<link>http://www.ipna-online.org/2013/03/current-management-of-antenatal-hydronephrosis/</link>
		<comments>http://www.ipna-online.org/2013/03/current-management-of-antenatal-hydronephrosis/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Thu, 14 Mar 2013 16:34:15 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>linda</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Uncategorized]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Genetics]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.ipna-online.org/?p=2200</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[


What is the most common etiology of ANH?a. Transient or physiologic hydronephrosisb. Ureteropelvic junction obstructionc. Vesicoureteral refluxd. Ureterovesical junction obstructione. Posterior urethral valves.In a fetus with ANH and suspected of having posterior urethral valves, which US factors is the most predictive of poor postnatal renal function?a. A severe degree (SFU grade 4) of hydronephrosisb. The [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>
<div class="quiz-area single-page-quiz">
<form action="" method="post" class="quiz-form" id="quiz-163">
<div class='question' id='question-1'><div class='question-content'>What is the most common etiology of ANH?</div><br /><input type='hidden' name='question_id[]' value='967' /><input type='radio' name='answer-967' id='answer-id-6736' class='answer' value='6736' /><label for='answer-id-6736'>a. Transient or physiologic hydronephrosis</label><br /><input type='radio' name='answer-967' id='answer-id-6737' class='answer' value='6737' /><label for='answer-id-6737'>b. Ureteropelvic junction obstruction</label><br /><input type='radio' name='answer-967' id='answer-id-6738' class='answer' value='6738' /><label for='answer-id-6738'>c. Vesicoureteral reflux</label><br /><input type='radio' name='answer-967' id='answer-id-6739' class='answer' value='6739' /><label for='answer-id-6739'>d. Ureterovesical junction obstruction</label><br /><input type='radio' name='answer-967' id='answer-id-6740' class='answer' value='6740' /><label for='answer-id-6740'>e. Posterior urethral valves.</label><br /></div><div class='question' id='question-2'><div class='question-content'>In a fetus with ANH and suspected of having posterior urethral valves, which US factors is the most predictive of poor postnatal renal function?</div><br /><input type='hidden' name='question_id[]' value='968' /><input type='radio' name='answer-968' id='answer-id-6741' class='answer' value='6741' /><label for='answer-id-6741'>a. A severe degree (SFU grade 4) of hydronephrosis</label><br /><input type='radio' name='answer-968' id='answer-id-6742' class='answer' value='6742' /><label for='answer-id-6742'>b. The presence of ascites</label><br /><input type='radio' name='answer-968' id='answer-id-6743' class='answer' value='6743' /><label for='answer-id-6743'>c. A severe degree of calyces dilation</label><br /><input type='radio' name='answer-968' id='answer-id-6744' class='answer' value='6744' /><label for='answer-id-6744'>d. The presence of oligohydramnios</label><br /><input type='radio' name='answer-968' id='answer-id-6745' class='answer' value='6745' /><label for='answer-id-6745'>e. The fetus being first detected in the third trimester</label><br /></div><div class='question' id='question-3'><div class='question-content'>What is the incidence of vesicoureteral reflux in children with ANH?</div><br /><input type='hidden' name='question_id[]' value='969' /><input type='radio' name='answer-969' id='answer-id-6746' class='answer' value='6746' /><label for='answer-id-6746'>a. <1 %</label><br /><input type='radio' name='answer-969' id='answer-id-6747' class='answer' value='6747' /><label for='answer-id-6747'>b. 10–25 %</label><br /><input type='radio' name='answer-969' id='answer-id-6748' class='answer' value='6748' /><label for='answer-id-6748'>c. 25–50 %</label><br /><input type='radio' name='answer-969' id='answer-id-6749' class='answer' value='6749' /><label for='answer-id-6749'>d. 50–75 %</label><br /><input type='radio' name='answer-969' id='answer-id-6750' class='answer' value='6750' /><label for='answer-id-6750'>e. Not known</label><br /></div><div class='question' id='question-4'><div class='question-content'>Which of the following are correlated with favorable postnatal renal outcome?</div><br /><input type='hidden' name='question_id[]' value='970' /><input type='radio' name='answer-970' id='answer-id-6751' class='answer' value='6751' /><label for='answer-id-6751'>a. Echolucent renal parenchyma</label><br /><input type='radio' name='answer-970' id='answer-id-6752' class='answer' value='6752' /><label for='answer-id-6752'>b. Stable Na concentration with serial urine sampling</label><br /><input type='radio' name='answer-970' id='answer-id-6753' class='answer' value='6753' /><label for='answer-id-6753'>c. Sodium <100 mg/dL</label><br /><input type='radio' name='answer-970' id='answer-id-6754' class='answer' value='6754' /><label for='answer-id-6754'>d. Calcium >8 mg/dL</label><br /><input type='radio' name='answer-970' id='answer-id-6755' class='answer' value='6755' /><label for='answer-id-6755'>e. Osmolarity equal to 200–400 mOsm/ L</label><br /></div><div class='question' id='question-5'><div class='question-content'>Which of the following statement are true?</div><br /><input type='hidden' name='question_id[]' value='971' /><input type='radio' name='answer-971' id='answer-id-6756' class='answer' value='6756' /><label for='answer-id-6756'>a. Repeat US imaging is not required for patients with mild hydronephrosis detected on pre- and postnatal US</label><br /><input type='radio' name='answer-971' id='answer-id-6757' class='answer' value='6757' /><label for='answer-id-6757'>b. Prenatal intervention has been shown to improve the renal outcome of all fetuses with posterior urethral valves</label><br /><input type='radio' name='answer-971' id='answer-id-6758' class='answer' value='6758' /><label for='answer-id-6758'>c. Variability in the degree of hydronephrosis on prenatal US imaging is consistent with the postnatal diagnosis of vesicoureteral reflux</label><br /><input type='radio' name='answer-971' id='answer-id-6759' class='answer' value='6759' /><label for='answer-id-6759'>d. A and B</label><br /><input type='radio' name='answer-971' id='answer-id-6760' class='answer' value='6760' /><label for='answer-id-6760'>e. None of the above</label><br /></div><br />
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]]></content:encoded>
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		<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
		</item>
		<item>
		<title>Renal dysfunction in methylmalonic acidurias: review for the pediatric nephrologist</title>
		<link>http://www.ipna-online.org/2013/03/renal-dysfunction-in-methylmalonic-acidurias-review-for-the-pediatric-nephrologist/</link>
		<comments>http://www.ipna-online.org/2013/03/renal-dysfunction-in-methylmalonic-acidurias-review-for-the-pediatric-nephrologist/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Thu, 14 Mar 2013 16:14:27 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>linda</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Uncategorized]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Chronic Kidney Disease]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.ipna-online.org/?p=2197</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[ 


Metabolic crises in methylmalonic acidurias are triggered bya. Diarrheab. Fastingc. Vomitingd. All of theWhich fact about renal disease in methylmalonic acidurias is correct?a. mostly affecting distal tubule cellsb. occurring only in adulthoodc. existence of a genotype–phenotype correlationd. d.correlation with cumulative urinary 2-methylcitrate excretion over timee. in most cases curableWhich pathomechanisms of cTIN have been proposed?a. [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p> 
<div class="quiz-area single-page-quiz">
<form action="" method="post" class="quiz-form" id="quiz-162">
<div class='question' id='question-1'><div class='question-content'>Metabolic crises in methylmalonic acidurias are triggered by</div><br /><input type='hidden' name='question_id[]' value='962' /><input type='radio' name='answer-962' id='answer-id-6712' class='answer' value='6712' /><label for='answer-id-6712'>a. Diarrhea</label><br /><input type='radio' name='answer-962' id='answer-id-6713' class='answer' value='6713' /><label for='answer-id-6713'>b. Fasting</label><br /><input type='radio' name='answer-962' id='answer-id-6714' class='answer' value='6714' /><label for='answer-id-6714'>c. Vomiting</label><br /><input type='radio' name='answer-962' id='answer-id-6715' class='answer' value='6715' /><label for='answer-id-6715'>d. All of the</label><br /></div><div class='question' id='question-2'><div class='question-content'>Which fact about renal disease in methylmalonic acidurias is correct?</div><br /><input type='hidden' name='question_id[]' value='963' /><input type='radio' name='answer-963' id='answer-id-6716' class='answer' value='6716' /><label for='answer-id-6716'>a. mostly affecting distal tubule cells</label><br /><input type='radio' name='answer-963' id='answer-id-6717' class='answer' value='6717' /><label for='answer-id-6717'>b. occurring only in adulthood</label><br /><input type='radio' name='answer-963' id='answer-id-6718' class='answer' value='6718' /><label for='answer-id-6718'>c. existence of a genotype–phenotype correlation</label><br /><input type='radio' name='answer-963' id='answer-id-6719' class='answer' value='6719' /><label for='answer-id-6719'>d. d.correlation with cumulative urinary 2-methylcitrate excretion over time</label><br /><input type='radio' name='answer-963' id='answer-id-6720' class='answer' value='6720' /><label for='answer-id-6720'>e. in most cases curable</label><br /></div><div class='question' id='question-3'><div class='question-content'>Which pathomechanisms of cTIN have been proposed?</div><br /><input type='hidden' name='question_id[]' value='964' /><input type='radio' name='answer-964' id='answer-id-6721' class='answer' value='6721' /><label for='answer-id-6721'>a. mitochondrial glutathione depletion</label><br /><input type='radio' name='answer-964' id='answer-id-6722' class='answer' value='6722' /><label for='answer-id-6722'>b. impaired mtDNA homeostasis</label><br /><input type='radio' name='answer-964' id='answer-id-6723' class='answer' value='6723' /><label for='answer-id-6723'>c. synergism of accumulated toxic metabolites</label><br /><input type='radio' name='answer-964' id='answer-id-6724' class='answer' value='6724' /><label for='answer-id-6724'>d. impaired function of tubule dicarboxylate transporters</label><br /><input type='radio' name='answer-964' id='answer-id-6725' class='answer' value='6725' /><label for='answer-id-6725'>e. All of the above</label><br /></div><div class='question' id='question-4'><div class='question-content'>Which is not a treatment strategy of methylmalonic acidurias?</div><br /><input type='hidden' name='question_id[]' value='965' /><input type='radio' name='answer-965' id='answer-id-6726' class='answer' value='6726' /><label for='answer-id-6726'>a. high caloric intake</label><br /><input type='radio' name='answer-965' id='answer-id-6727' class='answer' value='6727' /><label for='answer-id-6727'>b. high protein intake</label><br /><input type='radio' name='answer-965' id='answer-id-6728' class='answer' value='6728' /><label for='answer-id-6728'>c. carnitine supplementation</label><br /><input type='radio' name='answer-965' id='answer-id-6729' class='answer' value='6729' /><label for='answer-id-6729'>d. antibiotics</label><br /><input type='radio' name='answer-965' id='answer-id-6730' class='answer' value='6730' /><label for='answer-id-6730'>e. organ transplantation</label><br /></div><div class='question' id='question-5'><div class='question-content'>Atypical hemolytic syndrome</div><br /><input type='hidden' name='question_id[]' value='966' /><input type='radio' name='answer-966' id='answer-id-6731' class='answer' value='6731' /><label for='answer-id-6731'>a. often results in acute kidney injury</label><br /><input type='radio' name='answer-966' id='answer-id-6732' class='answer' value='6732' /><label for='answer-id-6732'>b. is a complication of cblC disorder</label><br /><input type='radio' name='answer-966' id='answer-id-6733' class='answer' value='6733' /><label for='answer-id-6733'>c. is by definition associated with diarrhea</label><br /><input type='radio' name='answer-966' id='answer-id-6734' class='answer' value='6734' /><label for='answer-id-6734'>d. a and b are correct</label><br /><input type='radio' name='answer-966' id='answer-id-6735' class='answer' value='6735' /><label for='answer-id-6735'>e. b and c are correct.</label><br /></div><br />
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		</item>
		<item>
		<title>2013 &#8211; European Academy of Paediatrics Educational Congress &amp; MasterCourse</title>
		<link>http://www.ipna-online.org/2013/02/2013-european-academy-of-paediatrics-educational-congress-mastercourse/</link>
		<comments>http://www.ipna-online.org/2013/02/2013-european-academy-of-paediatrics-educational-congress-mastercourse/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Tue, 26 Feb 2013 22:51:36 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>fvuong</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Announcements]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Congresses]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.ipna-online.org/?p=2155</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[[ September 19, 2013 12:00 pm to September 22, 2013 8:00 pm. ] Location: Lyon, France
The EAP 2013 Congress &#38;  MasterCourse will bring together professionals from the fields of Adolescent Medicine, Allergy and Immunology, Critical/Emergency Care, Endocrine and Diabetes, Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Genetic and Metabolic, Hemato-Oncology, Infectious Diseases, Neonatology, Nephrology, Neurology, Paediatric Tropical Medicine, Primary Care, Obesity Respiratory and Rheumatology.
For further information about the Congress &#38; MasterCourse, we [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<table class="ec3_schedule"><tr><td class="ec3_start">September 19, 2013 12:00 pm</td><td class="ec3_to">to</td><td class="ec3_end">September 22, 2013 8:00 pm</td></tr></table><p><strong>Location: </strong>Lyon, France</p>
<p dir="LTR">The EAP 2013 Congress &amp;  MasterCourse will bring together professionals from the fields of Adolescent Medicine, Allergy and Immunology, Critical/Emergency Care, Endocrine and Diabetes, Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Genetic and Metabolic, Hemato-Oncology, Infectious Diseases, Neonatology, Nephrology, Neurology, Paediatric Tropical Medicine, Primary Care, Obesity Respiratory and Rheumatology.</p>
<p>For further information about the Congress &amp; MasterCourse, we invite you to visit the website: <a href="http://www.eapaediatrics.eu" target="_blank">http://www.eapaediatrics.eu</a>.</p>
]]></content:encoded>
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		</item>
		<item>
		<title>4th International Congress HUS-MPGN-related diseases in Innsbruck</title>
		<link>http://www.ipna-online.org/2013/02/2145/</link>
		<comments>http://www.ipna-online.org/2013/02/2145/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Wed, 20 Feb 2013 21:50:12 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>fvuong</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Announcements]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Congresses]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.ipna-online.org/?p=2145</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[[ June 9, 2013 1:00 pm to June 11, 2013 1:00 pm. ] Location: Innsbruck, Austria

Dear colleagues,
Here is the final programme of the 4. International HUS meeting in Innsbruck.
At this meeting we would like to discuss with international colleagues the different facettes (genetics, pathophysiology, diagnostics, clinical courses, therapies) of hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS). In 2011 the typical HUS got quite some attention due to the EHEC O104:H4 outbreak [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<table class="ec3_schedule"><tr><td class="ec3_start">June 9, 2013 1:00 pm</td><td class="ec3_to">to</td><td class="ec3_end">June 11, 2013 1:00 pm</td></tr></table><p><strong>Location: </strong>Innsbruck, Austria</p>
<p>Dear colleagues,<br />
<strong><a href="http://www.ipna-online.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/HUS-Meeting-2013-outline-8.pdf">Here</a> is the final programme of the 4. International HUS meeting in Innsbruck</strong>.<br />
At this meeting we would like to discuss with international colleagues the different facettes (genetics, pathophysiology, diagnostics, clinical courses, therapies) of hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS). In 2011 the typical HUS got quite some attention due to the EHEC O104:H4 outbreak in Northern Germany. However, other microorganisms, such as pneumococci, or genetic predispositions or mutations favour or cause, respectively, HUS as well. The related thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) will form another focus of this meeting.<br />
Eighteen European experts have accepted our invitation to present their data, plus four from overseas (US, CA, AR).</p>
<p>You are invited to attend and register and submit an abstract for a short oral presentation or a poster via our <strong>homepage</strong>: <a href="http://www.hus-online.at">http://www.hus-online.at</a><br />
The meeting covers both basic research and clinical aspects and we will have a session covering the three most interesting clinical cases &#8211; please also submit these via the abstract submission site at <a href="http://www.hus-online.at">http://www.hus-online.at</a></p>
<p>If you want to go for reasonable travel options, please consider, instead of flying to Innsbruck via Frankfurt or Vienna, to fly to and from <strong>Munich</strong> and take a <strong>Four-Seasons shuttle</strong> which will drop you at the door step of the hotel (takes approx. 2.5 &#8211; 3 hours). For your calculations a round trip Munich-Innsbruck with that shuttle costs <strong><span style="text-decoration: underline;">72 Euros</span></strong> (please mention &#8220;HUS&#8221; and book via <a href="mailto:info@airport-transfer.com">info@airport-transfer.com</a> or <a href="mailto:oliver@airport-transfer.com">oliver@airport-transfer.com</a> ).</p>
<p>The dinner will take place at the <strong>Seegrube, have a look</strong>: <a href="http://www.nordkette.com/en">http://www.nordkette.com/en</a>. The costs are included in the registration fee!<br />
The accompanying person&#8217;s fee is just 50 Euro, which actually only just covers the costs of the cable car and dinner at the Seegrube &#8211; so it is a good opportunity to see Innsbruck!</p>
<p>You can obviously book your accommodation at any hotel in town &#8211; the venue will be at the Hotel Grauer Bär, Universitätsstr. 3:<a href="http://www.innsbruck-hotels.at/hotel-grauer-baer/das-hotel/">http://www.innsbruck-hotels.at/hotel-grauer-baer/das-hotel/</a>, where we have reserved quite a number of rooms at a special price. If you book directly at Grauer Bär &#8211; which obviously means Grey Bear, but is safe otherwise &#8211; it will cost 78 Euros for a single and 120 Euros for a double room. However, there are other hotels within walking distance (10-15 min). If you stay at Hotel Grauer Bär you can pay your registration fee by credit card on the spot. If you stay elsewhere, registrations fees must be paid by bank transfer before, or in cash at the registration desk of the meeting.</p>
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		<title>Cystinosis: the evolution of a treatable disease</title>
		<link>http://www.ipna-online.org/2013/01/cystinosis-the-evolution-of-a-treatable-disease/</link>
		<comments>http://www.ipna-online.org/2013/01/cystinosis-the-evolution-of-a-treatable-disease/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Tue, 08 Jan 2013 19:59:05 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>linda</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Uncategorized]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Genetics]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.ipna-online.org/?p=2115</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[ 


Possible mechanisms for the renal injury of cystinosis include:a. Renal tissue sensitivity to cystine accumulationb. Expression of different splice isoforms of CTNS in the kidneyc. High sensitivity of the proximal tubule to apoptosis and energy depletiond. All of the aboveThe most frequent cause of renal Fanconi syndrome in children is:a. Renal transplant rejectionb. Heavy metal [...]]]></description>
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<div class='question' id='question-1'><div class='question-content'>Possible mechanisms for the renal injury of cystinosis include:</div><br /><input type='hidden' name='question_id[]' value='956' /><input type='radio' name='answer-956' id='answer-id-6686' class='answer' value='6686' /><label for='answer-id-6686'>a. Renal tissue sensitivity to cystine accumulation</label><br /><input type='radio' name='answer-956' id='answer-id-6687' class='answer' value='6687' /><label for='answer-id-6687'>b. Expression of different splice isoforms of CTNS in the kidney</label><br /><input type='radio' name='answer-956' id='answer-id-6688' class='answer' value='6688' /><label for='answer-id-6688'>c. High sensitivity of the proximal tubule to apoptosis and energy depletion</label><br /><input type='radio' name='answer-956' id='answer-id-6689' class='answer' value='6689' /><label for='answer-id-6689'>d. All of the above</label><br /></div><div class='question' id='question-2'><div class='question-content'>The most frequent cause of renal Fanconi syndrome in children is:</div><br /><input type='hidden' name='question_id[]' value='957' /><input type='radio' name='answer-957' id='answer-id-6690' class='answer' value='6690' /><label for='answer-id-6690'>a. Renal transplant rejection</label><br /><input type='radio' name='answer-957' id='answer-id-6691' class='answer' value='6691' /><label for='answer-id-6691'>b. Heavy metal poisoning, i.e. lead</label><br /><input type='radio' name='answer-957' id='answer-id-6692' class='answer' value='6692' /><label for='answer-id-6692'>c. Oculocerebrorenal syndrome of Lowe</label><br /><input type='radio' name='answer-957' id='answer-id-6693' class='answer' value='6693' /><label for='answer-id-6693'>d. Cystinosis</label><br /><input type='radio' name='answer-957' id='answer-id-6694' class='answer' value='6694' /><label for='answer-id-6694'>e. Mitochondrial cytopathies</label><br /></div><div class='question' id='question-3'><div class='question-content'>Which is not a common complication of NC in the first decade of life?</div><br /><input type='hidden' name='question_id[]' value='958' /><input type='radio' name='answer-958' id='answer-id-6695' class='answer' value='6695' /><label for='answer-id-6695'>a. Corneal clouding due to cystine crystal accumulation</label><br /><input type='radio' name='answer-958' id='answer-id-6696' class='answer' value='6696' /><label for='answer-id-6696'>b. Hypothyroidism</label><br /><input type='radio' name='answer-958' id='answer-id-6697' class='answer' value='6697' /><label for='answer-id-6697'>c. Diabetes mellitus</label><br /><input type='radio' name='answer-958' id='answer-id-6698' class='answer' value='6698' /><label for='answer-id-6698'>d. Growth failure</label><br /><input type='radio' name='answer-958' id='answer-id-6699' class='answer' value='6699' /><label for='answer-id-6699'>e. Hypophosphatemic rickets</label><br /></div><div class='question' id='question-4'><div class='question-content'>What percent of all childhood ESRD is contributed by NC:</div><br /><input type='hidden' name='question_id[]' value='959' /><input type='radio' name='answer-959' id='answer-id-6700' class='answer' value='6700' /><label for='answer-id-6700'>a. About 10 %</label><br /><input type='radio' name='answer-959' id='answer-id-6701' class='answer' value='6701' /><label for='answer-id-6701'>b. Based on the longitudinal multi center studies, 5-10 %</label><br /><input type='radio' name='answer-959' id='answer-id-6702' class='answer' value='6702' /><label for='answer-id-6702'>c. Based on European Collaborative study, about 5 %</label><br /><input type='radio' name='answer-959' id='answer-id-6703' class='answer' value='6703' /><label for='answer-id-6703'>d. Close to 0 %</label><br /></div><div class='question' id='question-5'><div class='question-content'>Normal values for leucocyte cystine content are:</div><br /><input type='hidden' name='question_id[]' value='960' /><input type='radio' name='answer-960' id='answer-id-6704' class='answer' value='6704' /><label for='answer-id-6704'>a. Less than 1 nmol/half cystine/mg cell protein</label><br /><input type='radio' name='answer-960' id='answer-id-6705' class='answer' value='6705' /><label for='answer-id-6705'>b. Less than 0.2 nmol/half cystine/mg cell protein</label><br /><input type='radio' name='answer-960' id='answer-id-6706' class='answer' value='6706' /><label for='answer-id-6706'>c. No higher than 2 nmol/half cystine/mg cell protein</label><br /><input type='radio' name='answer-960' id='answer-id-6707' class='answer' value='6707' /><label for='answer-id-6707'>d. Non- detectable</label><br /></div><div class='question' id='question-6'><div class='question-content'>The mechanism of action of cysteamine in targeting the basic defect in cystinosis involves:</div><br /><input type='hidden' name='question_id[]' value='961' /><input type='radio' name='answer-961' id='answer-id-6708' class='answer' value='6708' /><label for='answer-id-6708'>a. Depleting cells by carrying cystine out of the cell into extracellular space</label><br /><input type='radio' name='answer-961' id='answer-id-6709' class='answer' value='6709' /><label for='answer-id-6709'>b. Interacting with cystine and forming cystine-cysteamine disulfide, and exporting this molecule from lysosome into cytosol</label><br /><input type='radio' name='answer-961' id='answer-id-6710' class='answer' value='6710' /><label for='answer-id-6710'>c. Restoring normal cystinosin function</label><br /><input type='radio' name='answer-961' id='answer-id-6711' class='answer' value='6711' /><label for='answer-id-6711'>d. Protecting cells from apoptosis</label><br /></div><br />
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